Scientists and healthcare personnel the world over fear that the malaria parasite will develop resistance to the current frontline treatment against malaria, Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs). Therefore, it is especially good news that resistance monitoring at the University of Copenhagen shows that in several African countries, malaria parasites are succumbing to the formerly used drug chloroquine.
The results have just been published in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
“Seventy percent of the malaria parasites we found in Senegal are reacting once again to chloroquine. This is a trend we have also seen in Tanzania and Mozambique, and which other researchers have shown in Malawi. Our choice of drugs against malaria is limited and related, so when the malaria parasite once again reacts to a substance, it influences several treatment methods,” explains Michael Alifrangis, associate professor at the Centre for Medical Parasitology at the University of Copenhagen.
“Chloroquine costs only 25 US cents for a four-day cure, while the current and corresponding ACTs cost US$2. Chloroquine was a fantastic malaria drug that lasted for 50 years.
“However, it was misused for malaria prevention and ordinary fever, and even mixed with cooking salt, so it can come as no surprise that the malaria parasite became resistant to the active ingredient,” explained Professor Ib Bygbjerg, MD. He also pointed out that reuse would require correct drug use and the training of healthcare personnel to make more accurate diagnoses.
According to Professor Ib Bygbjerg, three factors determine the extent to which a malaria drug will work:
- the size of the dose
- how sensitive the parasite is to the drug
- the extent to which the patient has developed a natural immunity to malaria.
“In the near future, chloroquine and other malaria drugs not currently on the market will presumably be able to be used again, if we use them correctly. This means that the drug must be given in combination with other medicine and only to patients who have already developed a certain immunity to malaria and are therefore not at high risk.
“At the same time, we must reserve ACTs for the most exposed non-immune groups such as children. Chloroquine is one of the few drugs that can be given to pregnant women at the beginning of their pregnancy,” pointed out Ib Bygbjerg, adding that the patient could be treated with a high dose for a short period, another benefit.
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“In order to maintain the positive development with chloroquine, it is therefore also important that — with the exception of pregnant women — travellers to malaria areas refrain from taking the drug. Otherwise the parasites will quickly develop resistance once again,” Ib Bygbjerg said.
Advantages of chloroquine If healthcare personnel in developing countries can begin using chloroquine again, it will open up some promising perspectives. It will be possible to protect the currently used medicine and delay the reappearance of resistance, and it will also give a large group of patients access to cheaper treatment.—Eurekalert.
